​
Introduction

Error handling and exception management are essential aspects of programming that ensure the smooth execution of software. Errors can occur due to various reasons, such as incorrect user input, hardware failures, or logical mistakes in code.

​
Types of Errors in Programming

  1. Syntax Errors – Errors due to incorrect syntax (e.g., missing semicolon).
  2. Logical Errors – Errors in the logic that produce incorrect results.
  3. Runtime Errors – Errors occurring during program execution (e.g., division by zero, null pointer dereference).
  4. Compilation Errors – Errors detected during code compilation.

​
Error Handling Models

Error handling can be categorized into several models, each with its working mechanism, advantages, and disadvantages.

​
1. Return Code Error Handling

​
How it Works:

  • Functions return error codes to indicate failure.
  • The caller checks the return value to determine success or failure.

​
Pros:

✔️ Simple and easy to implement. ✔️ No additional performance overhead.

​
Cons:

❌ Requires explicit error-checking after each function call. ❌ Can lead to messy and unreadable code.

​
Example:

#include <iostream>
int divide(int a, int b, int &result) {
    if (b == 0) return -1; // Error code
    result = a / b;
    return 0; // Success
}
int main() {
    int res;
    if (divide(10, 0, res) != 0) {
        std::cerr << "Error: Division by zero!\n";
    }
}

​
2. Exception Handling

​
How it Works:

  • Uses try, catch, and throw statements.
  • When an error occurs, an exception is thrown and caught in a catch block.

​
Pros:

✔️ Separates error-handling logic from regular code. ✔️ More readable and maintainable. ✔️ Supports automatic stack unwinding.

​
Cons:

❌ Can introduce performance overhead. ❌ Improper handling can cause program crashes.

​
Example:

#include <iostream>
int divide(int a, int b) {
    if (b == 0) throw std::runtime_error("Division by zero!");
    return a / b;
}
int main() {
    try {
        std::cout << divide(10, 0) << "\n";
    } catch (const std::exception &e) {
        std::cerr << "Error: " << e.what() << "\n";
    }
}

​
3. Logging-Based Error Handling

​
How it Works:

  • Errors are logged to a file or console for debugging purposes.

​
Pros:

✔️ Helps diagnose and analyze errors later. ✔️ Useful for debugging complex systems.

​
Cons:

❌ Doesn’t prevent runtime crashes. ❌ Requires additional storage for logs.

​
Example:

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
void logError(const std::string& message) {
    std::ofstream logFile("error.log", std::ios::app);
    logFile << message << "\n";
}
int main() {
    logError("This is an error log.");
}

​
Conclusion

Understanding and implementing proper error handling mechanisms is crucial for writing robust, maintainable, and fault-tolerant software. Exception handling, return codes, and logging each have their use cases, and choosing the right approach depends on the requirements of the application.